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The “Egophoric” Copula ཡོད་ and its Negation མེད་

This copula is always associated with the first person and refers to information that directly concerns the speaker, and is generally translated as “I have” (possessive sense), or as “I am (at)” (locative sense). In certain rare cases, it may also indicate a personal or intimate acquaintance by the speaker, and should accordingly be translated by the verb “to be.”

  • དེབ་མང་པོ་ཡོད། “I have many books.”
  • རྒྱ་ནག་ལ་ཡོད། “I am in China.”
  • ཇ་འདི་ཞིམ་པོ་ཡོད། “This tea is good (in my opinion).”
  • The “Egophoric” Copula ཡོད་ and its Negation མེད་ (English, Latin script, Original)

Subject ID: S4782