Some volitional verbs have an imperative form. For instance:

• ཉན་ becomes ཉོན་ “Listen!”
• ལང་ becomes ལོངས་ “Get up!”

These forms are not used for the negative imperative, which instead takes the present-future form.

• མ་ཉན། “Don’t listen.”
• མ་ཟ། “Don’t eat.”
• མ་ཡོང་། “Don’t come.”

However, there are many verbs that have no special form to denote the imperative. In such cases, the verb may be used by itself.

• གསོལ་ཇ་མཆོད། “Have some tea.”
• ཕར་ཕེབས། “Go over there.”

In most cases, the imperative (command) and optative (wish) moods are formed by using particles. The main particles are: དོ་, དང་, ཨ་, ཤིག་, ཤོག་, and the construction རོགས་གནང་. These are discussed in the section on “imperative markers” below. (xxlink)